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Global Parental-Alienation Jurisdictional Index

TL;DR

This is the single navigation hub for AntiAlienate's comprehensive case-law repository. As of May 2026, the repo covers 67 jurisdictions across 14 regional blocks plus a substantial research and clinical reference layer + cross-border framework comparative entries. All entries follow a standard schema: statutory framework, Supreme Court / Constitutional Court jurisprudence, ECHR (where applicable), practical motion language, cross-border considerations, citing antialienate.com posts, and authoritative sources.

Region: British Isles (2)

  • United Kingdom — Children Act 1989 + Re C [2023] EWHC 345 4-part test + Re S [2010] EWCA Civ 219 (Cult)
  • Ireland — Guardianship of Children + Family Relationships Acts

Region: Western Europe (10)

  • France — Code Civil arts. 371-1 à 377 + Loi Taubira 2002 + Penal 227-5 (criminal non-représentation)
  • Germany — BGB §§ 1626-1697b + Sahin v Germany [GC] + Sommerfeld v Germany [GC] + Zaunegger
  • Belgium — Civil Code 374/375bis/387ter + Penal 432 (criminal) + Family Court Act 2013
  • Netherlands — Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 1 + Omgangsregeling
  • Switzerland — ZGB Art. 273-275a + BGer + ECHR
  • Austria — ABGB KindNamRÄG 2013 + Sporer v Austria + Hoffmann v Austria
  • Italy — Codice Civile art. 337-bis to octies + Bondavalli + Improta + Solarino
  • Portugal — CC art. 1906 + Lei 61/2008 + STJ + Lusophone gateway
  • Spain — CC custodia compartida + TS 257/2013 + LO 8/2021 + Iglesias Casarrubios
  • Greece — Astikos Kodikas + Law 4800/2021 reform

Region: Nordic (5 — COMPLETE)

  • Norway — Barnelova + 2013 coercive fines + Strand Lobben v Norway [GC] reckoning
  • Sweden — Föräldrabalken Ch. 6 + samarbetsförmåga
  • Denmark — Forældreansvarsloven 2007 + 2019 Familieretshuset
  • Finland — Lapsenhuoltolaki + 2019 vuoroasuminen
  • Iceland — Barnalög 76/2003 + Art. 28a anti-alienation (2021)

Region: Central Europe (5)

  • Czech Republic — NOZ 2012 + stridava pece + I.US 3216/13
  • Slovakia — Zakon o rodine 36/2005 + stridava starostlivost
  • Hungary — Ptk Book IV csaladjog + 3110/2020 (II.18.) AB
  • Poland — KRO + 2008 reform + Ignaccolo-Zenide spirit
  • Slovenia — Družinski zakonik 2017 + CSD to family courts

Region: Baltic (3 — COMPLETE)

  • Lithuania — Civilinis kodeksas Book Three + LAT
  • Latvia — Civillikums 1937/1993 + Satversmes tiesa
  • Estonia — Perekonnaseadus 2010 + e-Court digital procedure

Region: South-Eastern Europe / Balkans (4)

  • Romania — Codul Civil 287/2009 + Ignaccolo-Zenide v Romania (foundational ECHR)
  • Bulgaria — Semeen kodeks 2009 + Penal 182 (criminal)
  • Croatia — Obiteljski zakon NN 103/2015 + Art. 96 anti-alienation
  • Serbia — Porodični zakon 2005 + V.A.M. v Serbia

Region: Post-Soviet Eastern Europe (2)

  • Ukraine — Simeyniy Kodeks + WARTIME displacement PA patterns (~6.5M refugees)
  • Russia — Semeyniy Kodeks 1995 + post-2022 ECHR withdrawal context

Region: Eurasia Bridge (1)

  • Turkey — Turk Medeni Kanunu 2001 + Yargitay + ECHR member + ~7M diaspora

Region: North America (4)

  • United States — CA Family Code 3011/3020 + UCCJEA framework
  • Mexico — Codigo Civil + Hague framework + 2014 LGDNNA + US-Mexico cross-border
  • Canada — Federal Divorce Act + Bill C-78 2021 reform + Gordon v Goertz + Barendregt
  • Canada/Quebec — CCQ + Code de procedure civile (civil-law tradition)

Region: Latin America (5)

  • Brazil — Lei 12.318/2010 (PA criminalization, world-first explicit statute)
  • Argentina — CCCN 2014 + CSJN Fallos 333:1376 (SAP recognition)
  • Chile — CC + Ley 20.680/2013 Amor de Papa reform
  • Colombia — Ley 1098/2006 + ICBF administrative-first model
  • Peru — CC + Codigo de los Ninos y Adolescentes 2000

Region: Asia (12)

  • India — Family Law Framework + non-Hague complications
  • Pakistan — MFLO 1961 + GWA 1890 + Federal Shariat Court
  • Singapore — Women's Charter + GIA + Family Justice Act 2014
  • Japan — 2024 Joint Custody Reform (major shift)
  • South Korea — Civil Act + Family Litigation Act + 2007 hoju-je abolition
  • Indonesia — Marriage Law 1974 + Child Protection Law 2002 + non-Hague
  • Vietnam — Law on Marriage and Family 52/2014 + non-Hague
  • China (Mainland) — Civil Code 2021 Book V + non-Hague (1.4B + 60M diaspora)
  • Hong Kong — MCO + GMO + Hague signatory (gateway distinction from Mainland)
  • Malaysia — LRA 1976 + Syariah parallel jurisdiction + Indira Gandhi [2018] landmark
  • Israel — Capacity & Guardianship Law 1962 + rabbinical interplay
  • Iran/etc planned — pending

Region: Middle East / Gulf (4)

  • United Arab Emirates — PSL 2005 + 2022 Federal Decree-Law civil-framework reform + DIFC/ADGM
  • Saudi Arabia — PSL 2022 (first codification) + Sharia framework + Vision 2030
  • Egypt — PSL 25/1929 + 100/1985 + 2008 + Hague signatory + Coptic ecclesiastical parallel
  • Israel — Capacity & Guardianship Law 1962 (cross-listed with Asia)

Region: Oceania (2)

Region: Africa (3)

  • South Africa — Children's Act 38 of 2005 + Ubuntu jurisprudence
  • Kenya — Children Act 2022 + ACRWC + EAC
  • Nigeria — CRA 2003 + MCA 1970 + plural-law (statutory + customary + Sharia)

Region: Supranational (1)

  • Council of Europe / ECHR — Article 8 contact-enforcement doctrine
  • Strand Lobben v Norway [GC] (2019) — standalone deep-dive — landmark
  • Improta v Italy (2017) — standalone deep-dive — positive obligation
  • Solarino v Italy (2017) — standalone deep-dive — protracted inaction
  • Bondavalli v Italy (2015) — standalone deep-dive — expert mismanagement
  • Ignaccolo-Zenide v Romania (2000) — standalone deep-dive — foundational
  • Sahin & Sommerfeld v Germany [GC] (2003) — standalone deep-dive — hearing the child + Art. 14
  • Pedersen v Norway (2022) — standalone deep-dive — Strand Lobben follow-up
  • Plus 35+ others in HUDOC

Research Layer (14+)

  • Bernet 2008-2020 — 5 essential criteria + DSM/ICD advocacy
  • Baker 2007 — Adult outcomes longitudinal
  • Baker & Fine 2014 — 17 strategies practitioner framework
  • Friedlander & Walters 2010 — MMFI 4-category typology
  • Fidler & Bala 2010 — Most-cited PA review
  • Warshak 2010-2020 — Resist-refuse continuum + Family Bridges
  • Polak & Saini 2015 — Hybrid cases multi-dimensional assessment
  • Harman, Kruk & Hines 2018 — Family-violence paradigm shift
  • Birnbaum & Bala 2010 — Canadian PA judicial response
  • Sher 2015-2017 — Targeted-parent suicide risk
  • Templer-Matthewson-Haines-Cox 2017 — PA intervention systematic review

Clinical Layer

  • Forensic assessment tools (MMPI, ASPECT, Bricklin, CAPI)
  • DSM-5 + ICD-11 PA-related codes (V61.29, V995.51, QE52, 6D52, 6B41)
  • Reunification therapy frameworks survey (Family Bridges + Overcoming Barriers + MMFI + others)
  • Custody evaluation protocols

Statutes Layer

  • Brazil Lei 12.318/2010 (first explicit PA statute)
  • Japan 2024 Joint Custody Reform
  • California Family Code §§ 3011/3020
  • Plus statutory references throughout case-law entries

Cross-Border Framework

  • Hague 1980 + 1996 + Brussels IIb cross-border framework (comparative entry) — decision tree for which instrument applies, non-Hague jurisdictional strategy, Art. 13(b) doctrine, ECHR Art. 8 interaction

Comparative Frameworks

This index. Plus additional comparative essays: - Civil-law vs common-law PA jurisprudence - Criminal anti-non-représentation jurisdictions (BE, FR, BG) - ECHR Article 8 doctrine evolution timeline - Hague 1980 + Brussels IIb interaction matrix

How to Use This Index

  • For a jurisdiction-specific question: navigate to the relevant region above
  • For cross-border cases: identify all involved jurisdictions, read each entry's "Cross-Border" section + the Hague-Brussels-IIb comparative entry
  • For ECHR jurisprudence: see the Supranational section (7 standalone deep-dives + references)
  • For research citations in custody-evaluation reports: see the Research Layer
  • For court motion language: each jurisdiction entry includes a "Practical Application" motion-language section (often multilingual)

Contribution

The repo is structured for community contribution. Pull requests welcome for: - New jurisdictions (please follow the existing schema) - Updates to existing entries (new case law, statutory amendments) - Translations of entries - Additional citing-posts links - New research summaries

Citing Posts

Post URL
Global Crackdown PA Laws https://antialienate.com/blog/global-crackdown-parental-alienation-laws
PA Laws by Country https://antialienate.com/blog/parental-alienation-laws-by-country
The Legal Landscape PA 2025 https://antialienate.com/blog/the-legal-landscape-parental-alienation-2025
International Custody Battles https://antialienate.com/blog/international-custody-battles-your-rights

By Alan Markson. Licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Index last updated: May 2026 (67 jurisdictions, 14 regional blocks, 11+ research entries, 7 ECHR deep-dives, cross-border framework, ongoing expansion).