{
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "id": "peru",
  "name": "Peru (Republic of Peru / República del Perú)",
  "jurisdiction_code": "PE",
  "legal_system": "civil-law",
  "language": ["es"],
  "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
  "generated": "2026-06-04",
  "summary": "Peru is an Andean South American civil-law republic whose family-law framework operates under the Civil Code 1984 (Código Civil, Decreto Legislativo 295) Book III (Family Law), drawing on Spanish civil-law substantive heritage with substantial modernisation. Parental authority (patria potestad) and child custody are governed by Civil Code arts. 418-471, supplemented by the Children and Adolescents Code 2000 (Law 27337). The Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia) is the apex court for civil and criminal matters; the Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional) operates separate constitutional review. Family-law matters are heard at first instance in the Family Courts (Juzgados de Familia). Psychology profession is regulated through the Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú (Law 23019/1980). Peru is silent on 'parental alienation' as a statutory label; courts operate substantively under the superior-interest-of-the-child standard codified in Children and Adolescents Code art. IX. Peru acceded to the Hague Convention 1980 effective 1 August 2001.",
  "pa_recognition_status": {
    "statutory": "silent",
    "apex_court_position": "no-apex-position",
    "professional_regulator_position": "silent"
  },
  "statutory_framework": [
    {
      "citation": "Civil Code 1984 (Decreto Legislativo 295) arts. 418-471 (Book III)",
      "title": "Civil Code Book III — Family Law",
      "year": 1984,
      "url": "https://www.pj.gob.pe/",
      "relevance": "Federal Civil Code Book III on Family Law. Arts. 418-471 govern patria potestad and child custody."
    },
    {
      "citation": "Children and Adolescents Code 2000 (Law 27337)",
      "title": "Children and Adolescents Code",
      "year": 2000,
      "url": "https://www.pj.gob.pe/",
      "relevance": "Federal Children and Adolescents Code codifying superior-interest-of-the-child principle aligned with UNCRC obligations."
    },
    {
      "citation": "Colegio de Psicólogos Law 23019 of 1980",
      "title": "Colegio de Psicólogos Law",
      "year": 1980,
      "url": "https://www.cpsp.pe/",
      "relevance": "Federal statute establishing Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú — among earliest Latin American statutory psychology regulation."
    }
  ],
  "apex_courts": [
    {
      "name": "Supreme Court of Justice (Corte Suprema de Justicia)",
      "seat": "Lima",
      "url": "https://www.pj.gob.pe/",
      "role": "Apex court for civil and criminal matters."
    },
    {
      "name": "Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional)",
      "seat": "Lima",
      "url": "https://www.tc.gob.pe/",
      "role": "Constitutional Court with original jurisdiction over constitutional review."
    }
  ],
  "professional_regulators": [
    {
      "name": "Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú",
      "url": "https://www.cpsp.pe/",
      "role": "Federal professional college for psychologists in Peru under Law 23019/1980 — among earliest Latin American statutory psychology regulation."
    }
  ],
  "anonymisation_convention": "Peruvian family-court decisions are anonymised per Supreme Court practice using initials.",
  "key_developments": [
    {
      "year": 1821,
      "title": "Peru independence + San Martín + Bolívar framework",
      "description": "Peru independence 28 July 1821 from Spain under José de San Martín. Subsequent Battle of Ayacucho 9 December 1824 substantively distinctive final-Spanish-American-Wars-of-Independence battle. Foundational pre-modern-codification framework affecting subsequent constitutional-democratic-trajectory."
    },
    {
      "year": 1980,
      "title": "Colegio de Psicólogos Law 23019 + Sendero-Luminoso conflict-start framework",
      "description": "Federal statute Law 23019 of 1980 establishing Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú — among earliest Latin American statutory psychology regulation. Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) Maoist insurgency began 1980 substantively distinctive Latin American 20-year-armed-conflict framework with estimated 70,000 killed affecting subsequent demographic and family-law-implementation framework."
    },
    {
      "year": 1984,
      "title": "Civil Code 1984 (Decreto Legislativo 295)",
      "description": "Federal Civil Code enacted Decreto Legislativo 295 of 1984 with substantial modernisation including Book III on Family Law. Arts. 418-471 govern patria potestad and child custody. Foundational substantive-family-law framework persisting through subsequent reform-trajectory."
    },
    {
      "year": 1990,
      "title": "Peru ratifies UN Convention on the Rights of the Child + Fujimori-presidency framework",
      "description": "Peru ratified the UNCRC on 4 September 1990 — substantively significant child-rights framework integration. Alberto Fujimori (Cambio 90) elected President 28 July 1990 — substantively distinctive Latin American authoritarian-populist framework affecting subsequent constitutional-democratic-trajectory."
    },
    {
      "year": 1992,
      "title": "Autogolpe 1992 + Constitution 1993 + Fujishock framework",
      "description": "Fujimori autogolpe 5 April 1992 dissolving Congress + Constitutional Court substantively distinctive Latin American self-coup framework. Constitution of Peru 1993 adopted 31 October 1993 by referendum. Substantive Fujishock economic-stabilisation framework affecting subsequent constitutional-democratic-trajectory."
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "title": "Children and Adolescents Code (Law 27337) + UNCRC-aligned framework + Fujimori-fall",
      "description": "Federal Code enacted Law 27337 of 7 August 2000 codifying superior-interest-of-the-child principle (art. IX) aligned with UNCRC obligations. Alberto Fujimori resigned 19 November 2000 — substantively distinctive Latin-American democratic-restoration framework affecting subsequent constitutional-democratic-trajectory."
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "title": "Hague Convention 1980 accession + Truth and Reconciliation Commission framework",
      "description": "Peru acceded to the Hague Convention 1980 effective 1 August 2001 — substantively significant Hague Latin American accession. Substantive Truth and Reconciliation Commission 2001-2003 framework substantially affecting demographic and constitutional-democratic-trajectory."
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "title": "Fujimori conviction + human-rights-jurisprudence framework",
      "description": "Alberto Fujimori convicted 7 April 2009 for human-rights violations — substantively distinctive Latin-American leader-accountability framework. Substantive Inter-American Court of Human Rights jurisprudence framework affecting subsequent constitutional-democratic-trajectory."
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "title": "Peruvian political crisis 2017-2022 + recurring-presidential-impeachment framework",
      "description": "Peruvian political crisis 2017-2022 substantively distinctive Latin-American recurring-presidential-impeachment framework — Kuczynski-resignation 2018, Vizcarra-removal 2020, Sagasti-interim, Castillo-self-coup-and-removal December 2022, Dina Boluarte continuing presidency. Substantive constitutional-democratic-trajectory affecting subsequent family-law-implementation."
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "title": "Corte Suprema + Tribunal Constitucional — superior-interest-of-the-child substantive register + Boluarte presidency",
      "description": "Corte Suprema de Justicia and Tribunal Constitucional continue to develop superior-interest-of-the-child jurisprudence under Civil Code 1984 arts. 418-471 + Children and Adolescents Code 2000 art. IX + Hague Convention 1980 framework in custody disputes within Dina Boluarte presidency since 7 December 2022. Substantive analysis without doctrinal 'parental alienation' label adoption."
    }
  ],
  "structural_findings": [
    "Peru operates a Spanish-civil-law family-law framework — places Peru in the Andean South American civil-law cluster with Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia.",
    "Colegio de Psicólogos Law 1980 is among the earliest Latin American statutory psychology regulations within the corpus — places Peru in the early-Latin-American-psychology-regulation cluster alongside Costa Rica (1977).",
    "Hague Convention 1980 accession 2001 places Peru in the Hague Latin American cluster."
  ],
  "references": [
    "jurisdiction:bolivia",
    "jurisdiction:ecuador",
    "jurisdiction:colombia",
    "evidence:cross-border-parental-abduction-and-pa-intersection",
    "evidence:childrens-rights-paramountcy-doctrine"
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Judicial Power of Peru (Poder Judicial)",
      "url": "https://www.pj.gob.pe/",
      "publisher": "Judicial Power",
      "language": "es"
    },
    {
      "title": "Constitutional Court",
      "url": "https://www.tc.gob.pe/",
      "publisher": "Constitutional Court",
      "language": "es"
    },
    {
      "title": "Colegio de Psicólogos del Perú",
      "url": "https://www.cpsp.pe/",
      "publisher": "Colegio de Psicólogos",
      "language": "es"
    }
  ],
  "editorial_notes": [
    "Peru jurisdiction sidecar v1.1 — deepened 2026-06-09 from 4 to 10 key_developments with full San-Martín-to-Boluarte trajectory: 1821-Peru-independence-+-San-Martín-+-Bolívar + 1980-Colegio-de-Psicólogos-Law-23019-+-Sendero-Luminoso-conflict-start + 1984-Civil-Code-Decreto-Legislativo-295 + 1990-UNCRC-+-Fujimori-presidency + 1992-Autogolpe-+-Constitution-1993-+-Fujishock + 2000-Children-and-Adolescents-Code-+-Fujimori-fall + 2001-Hague-Convention-1980-accession-+-Truth-and-Reconciliation-Commission + 2009-Fujimori-conviction + 2018-Peruvian-political-crisis-+-recurring-presidential-impeachment + 2024-Corte-Suprema-+-Tribunal-Constitucional-+-Boluarte-presidency.",
    "Civil-law Andean South America (Civil Code 1984 Book III + Children and Adolescents Code 2000 + Colegio de Psicólogos Law 1980 — earliest Latin American + Hague Convention 1980 accession 2001).",
    "PA-recognition: silent statutory + no-apex-position + silent regulator — substantive superior-interest-of-the-child analysis under Civil Code 1984 + Children and Adolescents Code 2000 art. IX + Hague Convention 1980 framework without doctrinal 'parental alienation' label.",
    "Joins Latin-American + civil-law + Andean-South-American (with Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia) + early-Latin-American-psychology-regulation-Law-23019-1980 (with Costa Rica 1977) + Sendero-Luminoso-Maoist-insurgency-1980-2000-70000-killed-distinctive + Fujimori-autogolpe-1992-Latin-American-self-coup-distinctive + Fujishock-economic-stabilisation + Truth-and-Reconciliation-Commission-2001-2003 + Fujimori-conviction-2009-Latin-American-leader-accountability + Peruvian-political-crisis-2017-2022-recurring-presidential-impeachment-Kuczynski-Vizcarra-Sagasti-Castillo-Boluarte-distinctive + Hague-Convention-2001 clusters within the corpus."
  ]
}