BVerfG 17.11.2023 – 1 BvR 1076/23¶
ECLI: ECLI:DE:BVerfG:2023:rk20231117.1bvr107623
Court: Bundesverfassungsgericht (2. Kammer des Ersten Senats)
Decided: 2023-11-17
Panel: Ott / Radtke / Wolff (unanimous Kammerbeschluss)
Why this case matters¶
Germany's Federal Constitutional Court held that a family-court decision relying on the PAS construct is not constitutionally tenable. Rn. 34 of the Kammerbeschluss describes PAS as an outdated concept regarded in the relevant scientific literature as refuted, and cites the DJI-anchored Zimmermann/Fichtner/Walper/Lux/Kindler 2023 ZKJ critique as authority. The OLG Köln decisions were annulled and remanded. The ruling has moved the German PA-critique camp from minority position to institutional mainstream — the inverse of most other PASG-active jurisdictions.
Procedural history¶
Underlying family proceedings concerned Umgangsregelung (contact regulation) under §§ 1684, 1696 BGB. The Amtsgericht obtained a Sachverständigengutachten in 2020 that framed the children's contact-refusal through a PAS lens. The OLG Köln Beschwerdesenat issued the impugned orders on 8 May 2023 and 17 May 2023 (II-25 UF 19/23), relying on that PAS-framed Gutachten. The mother brought a Verfassungsbeschwerde under Art. 93 Abs. 1 Nr. 4a GG / § 90 BVerfGG, invoking Art. 6 Abs. 2 Satz 1 GG (elterliches Erziehungsrecht) and Art. 103 Abs. 1 GG (Anspruch auf rechtliches Gehör). The 2. Kammer des Ersten Senats decided unanimously on 17.11.2023, annulling the OLG Köln Beschlüsse and remanding.
Counsel¶
- Kerstin Bielefeld (Rechtsanwältin) — Köln for mother
Experts¶
- Sachverständige (2020 Gutachten) — family-court forensic Sachverständige (instructed by Amtsgericht below)
Holding¶
A family-court order is constitutionally untenable to the extent it relies on a Sachverständigengutachten whose reasoning is grounded in the PAS construct. PAS is regarded in the scientific literature as refuted ("überkommene und fachwissenschaftlich als widerlegt geltende Konzept"), and a Gutachten resting on it is not a sufficiently sound basis ("hinreichend tragfähige Grundlage") for a Kindeswohl-oriented decision under Art. 6 Abs. 2 GG.
Verbatim¶
Rn. 34 (de):
Die Entscheidung stellt sich derzeit auch nicht aus anderen Gründen einfachrechtlich als zutreffend dar. Mit der vom Oberlandesgericht herangezogenen Eltern-Kind-Entfremdung wird auf das überkommene und fachwissenschaftlich als widerlegt geltende Konzept des sogenannten Parental Alienation Syndrom (kurz PAS) zurückgegriffen. Das genügt als hinreichend tragfähige Grundlage für eine am Kindeswohl orientierte Entscheidung nicht. Soweit ersichtlich besteht nach derzeitigem Stand der Fachwissenschaft kein empirischer Beleg für eine elterliche Manipulation bei kindlicher Ablehnung des anderen Elternteils oder für die Wirksamkeit einer Herausnahme des Kindes aus dem Haushalt des angeblich manipulierenden Elternteils (vgl. umfassend Zimmermann/Fichtner/Walper/Lux/Kindler, in: ZKJ 2023, S. 43 ff., und dies. in: ZKJ 2023, S. 83 ff.).
Translation: The decision does not currently appear correct on other simple-statutory grounds either. The Oberlandesgericht's recourse to 'parent-child alienation' falls back on the outdated concept of so-called Parental Alienation Syndrome (PAS), which is regarded in the relevant scientific literature as refuted. That does not suffice as a sufficiently sound basis for a decision oriented to the child's welfare. So far as can be seen, there is currently no empirical evidence in the scientific literature for parental manipulation in cases of a child's rejection of the other parent, or for the effectiveness of removing the child from the household of the allegedly manipulating parent (see comprehensively Zimmermann/Fichtner/Walper/Lux/Kindler, in: ZKJ 2023, p. 43 ff., and same, in: ZKJ 2023, p. 83 ff.).
Outcome¶
OLG Köln Beschlüsse vom 8.5.2023 und 17.5.2023 (II-25 UF 19/23) aufgehoben; Sache zurückverwiesen.
Comparative jurisprudence¶
- Re Y [2026] EWFC 38 (UK-EWS) — England & Wales — McFarlane P set aside an unregulated PA-evaluator's findings; complementary critique of evaluator quality.
- NF v AF [2025] CSOH 13 (UK-SCO) — Scotland — Lord Stuart found PA constitutes direct emotional abuse; pointed in the opposite direction to BVerfG on the PA construct itself.
- OLG Frankfurt 7 UF 88/25 (DE) —
olg-frankfurt-7-uf-88-25-germany-2026— Companion German OLG decision (Jan 2026) that operationalises this BVerfG ruling at OLG level via Sachverständigen-Mindestanforderungen. - CFP Nota Técnica nº 4/2022 (BR) — Brazil — Conselho Federal de Psicologia institutional position cautioning against AP construct misuse; complementary institutional critique.
- Council of Europe Istanbul Convention art. 31 (INT) — GREVIO 2022 Germany evaluation framing on alienation allegations and DV-survivor protection.
Subsequent reception¶
- ZKJ (2023) — Zimmermann/Fichtner/Walper/Lux/Kindler, ZKJ 2023, 43 / 83
- DJI-anchored multi-author critique of PA/EKE construct — cited by the BVerfG itself as authority for the refuted-status holding.
- OLG Frankfurt am Main, 7. Familiensenat (Kassel) (2026) — Beschluss 7 UF 88/25 vom 5.1.2026 — https://www.olg-frankfurt.justiz.hessen.de/
- Operationalised the BVerfG holding by setting Sachverständigen-Mindestanforderungen for PA-framed proceedings — see companion case study.
See also¶
case-study:olg-frankfurt-7-uf-88-25-germany-2026case-study:nf-v-af-2025-csoh-13-scotlandjurisdiction:germanyevidence:alienating-tactics-as-child-abuse
Sources¶
- BVerfG, Beschluss der 2. Kammer des Ersten Senats vom 17. November 2023 - 1 BvR 1076/23 — https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Entscheidungen/DE/2023/11/rk20231117_1bvr107623.html (Bundesverfassungsgericht) [de] — accessed 2026-05-30
- Volltext (PDF) — 1 BvR 1076/23 — https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/2023/11/rk20231117_1bvr107623.pdf (Bundesverfassungsgericht) [de] — accessed 2026-05-30
- Zimmermann/Fichtner/Walper/Lux/Kindler, Verdorbener Wein in neuen Schläuchen — ZKJ 2023, 43 und 83 — https://www.dji.de/ (Deutsches Jugendinstitut / ZKJ) [de] — accessed 2026-05-30
Editorial notes¶
- Identities of the 2020 Sachverständige and the two Verfahrensbeistände are not stated in the published Kammerbeschluss; preserved as anonymised.
- Identities of the children are anonymised by the Court; placeholders Kind 1 / Kind 2 used.
- Composition of the OLG Köln Beschwerdesenat that issued the impugned orders is not in the Kammerbeschluss text.
- No discrete DGPs or BPtK press release specifically welcoming this decision by case number was located; the existing DJI/ZKJ literature pre- and post-dating the decision serves as the institutional critique register.
- GREVIO 2022 Germany paragraph numbers on alienation framing are flagged as out of scope for this case study.
Author: Alan Markson.
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